Transport effects on the vertical distribution of tropospheric ozone over western India

26 In situ tropospheric ozone measurements by balloon borne electrochemical concentration cell 27 (ECC) sensors above Ahmedabad in western India from May 2003 to July 2007 are presented, 28 along with an analysis of the transport processes responsible for the observed vertical ozone 29 distribution. This analysis is supported by 12-day back trajectory calculations using the 30 FLEXPART Lagrangian particle dispersion model. Lowest ozone (~20 ppbv) is observed near 31 the surface during September at the end of the Asian summer monsoon season. Average mid32 tropospheric (5-10 km above sea level) ozone is greatest (70-75 ppbv) during April-June and 33 lowest (40-50 ppbv) during winter. Ozone variability is greatest in the upper troposphere with 34 higher ozone during March-May. The FLEXPART retroplume results show that the free 35 tropospheric vertical ozone distribution above this location is affected by long-range transport 36 from the direction of North Africa and North America. Ozone levels are also affected by 37 transport from the stratosphere particularly during March-April. The lower tropospheric (<3 38 km) ozone distribution during the Asian summer monsoon is affected by transport from the 39 Indian Ocean via the east coast of Africa and the Arabian Sea. Influence from deep convection 40 in the upper troposphere confined over central Asia has been simulated by FLEXPART. Lower 41 ozone levels are observed during August-November than in any other season at 10-14 km 42 above sea level. These in situ observations are in contrast to other studies based on satellite 43 data which show that the lowest ozone values at these altitudes occur during the Asian summer 44